5.4. Overhead Pattern and Landing The 360-degree overhead pattern is used to safely accommodate a maximum number of aircraft with minimum congestion. Adjust pattern spacing for wind conditions. See Figure 5.1 depicting a normal traffic pattern and Table 5.1 listing overhead pattern parameters. All miles are nautical miles unless specified otherwise. Runway spacing (No wind)5 FINAL TURN KIAS (min) 6 110 (or on speed AOA) 115 (or on speed AOA) 120 (or on speed AOA) Torque Approx 18% Approx 15% Approx 12% Pitch Picture4 Pitch Attitude4 2/3 Ground, 1/3 sky ~2-3º nose low, 1,000 fpm 2/3 Ground, 1/3 sky ~2-3º nose low, 1,000 fpm 1/2 Ground, 1/2 sky ~1-2º nose low, 1,000 fpm FINAL KIAS (Min)4 100 (or on speed AOA) 105 (or on speed AOA) 110 (or on speed AOA) Torque Approx 16 to 18% Approx 14 to 16% Approx 12 to 14% Pitch Attitude4 Aim point 1/2 up windscreen Aim point 1/2 up windscreen Aim point 1/3 up windscreen Pitch Picture4 TOUCHDOWN KIAS1,2 Target 80 85 90 Range 75-90 80-95 85-100 Target touchdown zone3 1st 1,000 feet 1st 1,000 feet 1st 1,500 feet NOTES: 1. Add one-half the gust factor up to 10 KIAS to final approach and touchdown speeds. 2. Factors such as aircraft weight, crosswind, and outside air temperature may raise these speeds slightly. An additional 3-5 KIAS may be required to maintain on-speed AOA above approximately 700 pounds of fuel. 3. This does not mean that routinely landing in the first few feet or the very end of the target touchdown zone is desirable. A proper touchdown point has an adequate safety margin against landing short, yet allows the aircraft to easily stop within the available runway. 4. Pitch attitudes and pictures are approximations. Actual pitch attitudes and levels may vary depending on factors such as pilot height and seat settings. 5. These values represent approximates for no-wind spacing. Actual values will vary depending on wind conditions. For crosswinds, consider moving the WTD one reference point in or out for every 10 knots of crosswind. 6. Fly the aircraft the higher of on speed AOA or planned airspeed based on flap position. Expect on speed AOA to be the higher of the two when above approximately 700 pounds of fuel.

pp. 60-63

Table 5.1. Overhead Pattern Parameters. (T-2) Gear Down, Flaps Gear Down, Flaps Configuration Landing Takeoff Gear Down, Flaps UP INSIDE DOWNWIND KIAS (min) 120 120 120 Torque Approx 45% Approx 35% Approx 30% Pitch attitude 1/4 Ground, 3/4 sky 1/4 Ground, 3/4 sky Spinner on horizon (level flight) 4

Table 5.1 (PDF p. 61)

Table 5.1. Overhead Pattern Parameters. (T-2) Configuration Gear Down, Flaps Landing Gear Down, Flaps Takeoff Gear Down, Flaps UP INSIDE DOWNWIND KIAS (min) 120 120 120 Torque Approx 45% Approx 35% Approx 30% Pitch attitude (level flight)4 1/4 Ground, 3/4 sky 1/4 Ground, 3/4 sky Spinner on horizon Runway spacing (No wind)5 FINAL TURN KIAS (min) 6 110 (or on speed AOA) 115 (or on speed AOA) 120 (or on speed AOA) Torque Approx 18% Approx 15% Approx 12% Pitch Picture4 Pitch Attitude4 2/3 Ground, 1/3 sky ~2-3º nose low, 1,000 fpm 2/3 Ground, 1/3 sky ~2-3º nose low, 1,000 fpm 1/2 Ground, 1/2 sky ~1-2º nose low, 1,000 fpm FINAL KIAS (Min)4 100 (or on speed AOA) 105 (or on speed AOA) 110 (or on speed AOA) Torque Approx 16 to 18% Approx 14 to 16% Approx 12 to 14% Pitch Attitude4 Aim point 1/2 up windscreen Aim point 1/2 up windscreen Aim point 1/3 up windscreen Pitch Picture4 TOUCHDOWN KIAS1,2 Target 80 85 90 Range 75-90 80-95 85-100 Target touchdown zone3 1st 1,000 feet 1st 1,000 feet 1st 1,500 feet NOTES: 1. Add one-half the gust factor up to 10 KIAS to final approach and touchdown speeds. 2. Factors such as aircraft weight, crosswind, and outside air temperature may raise these speeds slightly. An additional 3-5 KIAS may be required to maintain on-speed AOA above approximately 700 pounds of fuel. 3. This does not mean that routinely landing in the first few feet or the very end of the target touchdown zone is desirable. A proper touchdown point has an adequate safety margin against landing short, yet allows the aircraft to easily stop within the available runway. 4. Pitch attitudes and pictures are approximations. Actual pitch attitudes and levels may vary depending on factors such as pilot height and seat settings. 5. These values represent approximates for no-wind spacing. Actual values will vary depending on wind conditions. For crosswinds, consider moving the WTD one reference point in or out for every 10 knots of crosswind. 6. Fly the aircraft the higher of on speed AOA or planned airspeed based on flap position. Expect on speed AOA to be the higher of the two when above approximately 700 pounds of fuel.

Table 5.1 (PDF pp. 61–63)