9.4. Visual Signals.

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9.4.1. Objective. Relay information between flight members or direct maneuvers.

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9.4.2. Description. Visual signals are used when radio transmissions are inappropriate or difficult to make. Visual signals are described in AFPAM 11-205, Aircrew Quick Reference to Aircraft Cockpit and Formation Flight Signals, and this manual.

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9.4.3. Procedure. As number 2, acknowledge with a head nod or aircraft movement as appropriate when number 1 gives a signal. If unsure of a signal, number 2 should not acknowledge or change position. Number 1 repeats the signal until an acknowledgment is received. Use the radio, if necessary, to immediately clear up any confusion. Only the pilot at the controls will give visual signals to another aircraft or acknowledge signals from another aircraft in the formation. Visual signals must be clear, appropriate, and proportional to range. For example, a slight wing rock to reform to fingertip from two-ship-width route versus a large wing rock to signal a reform from a 500-foot route. Brief any nonstandard visual signals before they are used.

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