6.4
Area Orientation (Figure 6.1).
6.4. Area Orientation (Figure 6.1). Visual ground references such as cities, lakes, road intersections, terrain, etc., are the primary means of maintaining area orientation. When visual references are inadequate, or to augment visual orientation, the GPS or VOR with DME may be used. A good composite cross-check of ground references verified by instruments is an effective way to maintain or build SA.
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6.4.1. VOR/DME. Area boundaries are sometimes defined with VOR radial and DME. There are two primary methods to maintain area orientation that utilize VOR or DME.
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6.4.1.1. Center Radial (Course) Method. Set the center radial or center course of the area in the course selector window (CSW) of the EHSI. When center radial is set, the course arrow points away from the NAVAID; when center course is set, the course arrow points toward the NAVAID. The center of the area (laterally) is always toward the course deviation indicator (CDI). This method is best suited for areas that are less than 20 radials wide.
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6.4.1.2. Pie-in-the-sky Method. Best used in wide areas (20 radials wide or more). Set one boundary (course) in the CSW and mark the other boundary (course) with the heading marker. Keep the head of the bearing pointer, which always falls, between the head of the course arrow and the heading marker. In Figure 6.1, if heading remains constant, the aircraft will exit the area due to the DME range. A left turn to approximately 130 degrees makes the bearing pointer fall toward the 046-degree course and makes the DME decrease.
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6.4.2. EFIS and GPS Display Options. There are various possible configurations for the EFIS and GPS. Normally, a typical display setup is used until proficiency is demonstrated (the Super Nav 5 page of the GPS control head in conjunction with the VOR and visual references). After demonstrating proficiency, other display options may be used to optimize SA and precise control of the aircraft. These include using the EFIS GPS map mode on the HSI. The arc mode may also be utilized to provide a more detailed picture.
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